TOEFLStructure Skill 1 : BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB

You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common types of problems that you will encounter in the Structure section of the TOEFL test have to do with subjects and verbs; perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the verb or both, or perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb.

Example 1 : …………. was backed up for miles on the freeway. (a) Yesterday (b) In the morning (c) Traffic (d) Cars

In this example you should notice immediately that there is a verb (was), but there is no subject. Answer (C) is the best answer because it is a singular subject that agrees with the singular verb was. Answer (A), yesterday, and answer (B),in the morning, are not subjects, so they are not correct. Although answer (D), Cars, could be a subject, it is not correct because cars is plural and it does not agree with the singular verb was.

Example 2 : Engineers ………. for work on the new space program. (a) Necessary (b) Are needed (c) Hopefully (d) Next month

Example 3 : The boy ……….. going to the movies with a friend. (a) He is (b) He always was (c) Is relaxing (d) Will be

This sentence has a subject (boy) and has part of a verb ( going ) ; to be correct, some from of the verb be is needed to make the sentence complete. Answer (A) and (B) are incorrect because the sentence already has a subject (boy) and does not need the extra subject he. Answer (C) is incorrect because relaxing is an extra verb part that is unnecessary because of going. Answer (D) is the best answer; will be together with going is a complete verb.

TOEFL EXERCISE skill 1 : underline the subjects once and the verb twice in each of the following sentence. Then indicate if the sentence are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. ----------------- Last week went fishing for trout at the nearby mountain lake.

2. ----------------- A schedule of the day’s events can be obtained at the front desk.

3. ----------------- A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available.

4. ----------------- The new computer program has provides a variety of helpful applications.

5. ----------------- The box can be opened only with a special screwdriver.

6. ----------------- The assigned text for history class it contains more than twenty chapters.

7. ----------------- The papers in the wastebasket should be emptied into the trash can outside.

8. ----------------- Departure before dawn on a boat in the middle of the harbor.

9. ----------------- Yesterday found an interesting article on pollution.

10. ----------------- The new machine is processes 50 percent more than the previous machine.

Answer exercise skill 1 :

1. Incorrect

2. Correct

3. Incorrect

4. Incorrect

5. Correct

6. Incorrect

7. Correct

8. Incorrect

9. Incorrect

10. Incorrect

Refrensi : " Longman Preparation Course For The TOEFL TEST - THE PAPER TEST-, PHILIPPS"

Nama : Claudia Paskah RS

Kelas : 3 EB 01

NPM  : 21209225

TUGAS : BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2

TOEFLStructure Skill 2 : BE CAREFUL OF OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition, such as in, at, of, to, by, behind, on, and so on, to form a prepositional phrase.

( After his exams ) Tom will take a trip ( by boat )

This sentence contains two objects of prepositions. Exam is the object of the preposition after and boat is the object of the preposition by.

An object of a preposition can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because it can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence.

Example : With his friend ………… found the movie theater. (a) has (b) he (c) letter (d) when

In this example you should look first for the subject and the verb. You should notice the verb found and should also notice that there is no subject. Do not think that friend is the subject; friend is the object of the preposition with, and one noun cannot be both a subject and an object at the same time. Because a subject is needed in this sentence, answer (B), he, is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct because they cannot be subjects.

Thefollowing chart outlines the key information that you should remember about objects of prepositions :

OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that is called an object of the preposition. If a word is an object of a preposition, it is not the subject

TOEFL EXERCISE Skill 2 : Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional phrases. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the prepositional phrases that come before the verb. Then indicate if the sentence are correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).

1. ------------- The interviews by radio broadcasters were carried live by the station.

2. ------------- In the last possible moment before takeoff took his seat in the airplane.

3. ------------- At the neighborhood flower shop, flowers in quantities of a dozen or a half dozen can be delivered for free.

4. ------------- The progressive reading methods at this school are given credit for the improved test scores.

5. ------------- For the last three years at various hospitals in the country has been practicing medicine.

6. ------------- In the past a career in politics was not considered acceptable in some circle.

7. ------------- Shopping in the downtown area of the city it has improved a lot in recent years.

8. ------------- At the building site the carpenters with the most experience were given the most intricate work.

9. -------------- For the fever and headache took two aspirin tablets.

10. -------------- The report with complete documentation was delivered at the conference.

Answer Exercise Skill 2 :

1. Correct

2. Incorrect

3. Correct

4. Correct

5. Incorrect

6. Incorrect

7. Incorrect

8. Correct

9. Incorrect

10. Correct

Refrensi : " Longman Preparation Course For The TOEFL TEST - THE PAPER TEST-, PHILIPPS"

Nama : Claudia Paskah RS

Kelas : 3 EB 01

NPM  : 21209225

TUGAS : BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2

TOEFLStructure Skill 3 : BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES

Appositives can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL, test because an appositive can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence. An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and has the same meaning.

Example : Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam.

In the example sally is the subject of the sentence and the best student in the class can easily be recognized as an appopsitve phrase because of the noun student and because of the commas. The sentence says that sally and the best student in the class are the same person. Note that if you leave out the appositive phrase, the sentence still makes sense ( sally got an A on the exam ).

The following example shows how an appositive can be confused with the subject of a sentence in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.

Example 1 : ………. George, is attending the lecture. (a) Right now (b) Happily (c) Because of the time (d) My friend

In this example you should recognize from the commas that George is not the subject of the sentence. George is an appositive. Because this sentence still needs a subject, the best answer is (D), my friend. Answer (A), (B), and (C) are incorrect because they are not subjects. The next example shows that an appositive does not always come after the subject; an appositive can also come at the beginning of the sentence.

Example 2 : ……………. Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots. (a) An excellent basketball player (b) An excellent basketball player is (c) Sarah is an excellent basketball player (d) Her excellent basketball play

In this example you can tell that sarah is the subject and misses is the verb because there is no comma separating them. In the space you should put an appositive for sarah, and sarah is an excellent basketball player, so answer (A) is the best answer. Answer (B) and (C) are not correct because they each contain the verb is, and an appositive does not need a verb. Answer (D) contains a noun, play, that could possibly be an appositive, but play is not the same as Sarah, so this answer is not correct.

The Following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about appositives :

APPOSITIVES

An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally set off from the noun with commas. If a word is an appositive, it is not the subject. The following appositive structures are both possible in English :

S, APP, V Tom, a really good mechanic, is fixing the car.

APP, S V A Really good mechanic , Tom is fixing the car

TOEFL EXERCISE Skill 3 : Each of the following sentences contains an appositive. Underline the subjects once and the verb twice. Circle the appositive phrases. Then, indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. ----------- The son of the previous owner, the new owner is undertaking some fairly broad changes in management policy.

2. ----------- Last semester, a friend, graduated cum laude from the university.

3. ----------- Valentine’s day, February 14, is a special holiday for sweethearts.

4. ----------- At long last, the chief executive officer, has decided to step down.

5. ----------- Tonight’s supper, leftovers from last night, did not taste any better tonight than last night.

6. ----------- The only entrance to the closet, the door was kept locked at all times.

7. ----------- In the cold of winter, a wall heating unit, would not turn on.

8. ----------- The new tile pattern, yellow flowers on a white background, really brightens up the room.

9. ----------- The high-powered computer the most powerful machine of its type, was finally readied for use.

10. ----------- A longtime friend and confident, the psychologist was often invited over for Sunday dinner.

Answer Exercise Skill 3 :

1. Correct

2. Incorrect

3. Correct

4. Incorrect

5. Correct

6. Correct

7. Incorrect

8. Correct

9. Incorrect

10. Correct

Refrensi : " Longman Preparation Course For The TOEFL TEST - THE PAPER TEST-, PHILIPPS"

Nama : Claudia Paskah RS

Kelas : 3 EB 01

NPM  : 21209225

TUGAS : BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2

TOEFLStructure Skill 4 : BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES

A present participle is the –ing form the verb (talking,playing). In the Structure section of the TOEFL test a present participle can cause confusion because it can be either a part of the verb or an adjective. It is part of the verb when it is preceded by some form of the verb be.

The man is talking to his friend

Verb

In this sentence talking is part of the verb because it is accompanied by is. A present participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be.

The man talking to his friend has a beard.

Adjective

In this sentence talking is an adjective and not part of the verb because it is not accompanied by some form of be. The verb in this sentence is has.

The following example shows how a present participle can be confused with the verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.

Example 1:

The child …………. Playing in the yard is my son.

(a) Now

(b) Is

(c) He

(d) Was

In this example, if you look at only the first words of the sentence, it appears that child is the subject and playing is part of the verb. If you think that playing is part of the verb,you might choose answer (B), is, or answer (D), was, to complete the verb. However, these two answer are incorrect because playing is not part of the verb. You should recognize that playing is a participial adjective rather than a verb because there is another verb in the sentence (is). In this sentence there is a complete subject (child) and a complete verb (is),so this sentence does not need another subject or verb. The best answer here is (A).

The following chart outlines what you should remember about present participles :

PRESENT PARTICIPLES

A present participle is the –ing form of the verb. The present participle can be (I) part of the verb or (2) an adjective. It is part of the verb when it is a accompanied by some from of the verb be. It is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be. 1. The boy is standing in the corner 2. The boy standing in the corner was naughty

TOEFL EXERCISE Skill 4: Each of the following sentences contains one or more present participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the present participles and label them as adjectives or verbs. There indicate if the sentences are correct ( C ) or Incorrect ( I ).

1. ----------- The companies offering the lowest prices will have the most customers.

2. ----------- Those travelers are completing their trip on Delta should report to Gate three.

3. ----------- The artisans were demonstrating various handicrafts at booths throughout the fair.

4. ----------- The fraternities are giving the wildest parties attract the most new pledges.

5. ----------- The first team winning four games is awarded the championship.

6. ----------- The speaker was trying to make his point was often interrupted vociferously.

7. ----------- The fruits were rotting because of the moisture in the crates carrying them to market.

8. ----------- Any students desiring official transcripts should complete the appropriate form.

9. ----------- The advertisements were announcing the half-day sale received a lot of attention.

10. ----------- The spices flavoring the meal were quite distinctive.

Answer Exercise Skill 4 :

1. Correct.

2.Incorrect

3. Correct

4. Incorrect

5. Correct

6. Incorrect

7. Correct

8. Correct

9. Incorrect

10. Correct

Refrensi : " Longman Preparation Course For The TOEFL TEST - THE PAPER TEST-, PHILIPPS"

Nama : Claudia Paskah RS

Kelas : 3 EB 01

NPM  : 21209225

TUGAS : BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2

TOEFL Structure Skill 5 : BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES

Past participles can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because a past participle can be either an adjective or a part of a verb. The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be. It often ends in –ed,but there are also many irregular past participles in English. ( See Appendix F for a list of irregular past participles. )

The Family has purchased a television.

Verb

The Poem was written by paul.

Verb

In the first sentence the past participle purchased is part of the verb because it is accompanied by has. In the second sentence the past participle written is part of the verb because it is accompanied by was.
A past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of be or have.

The television purchased yesterday was expensive

Adj

The Poem written by paul appeared in the magazine.

Adj

In the first sentence purchased is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, was, later in the sentence ). In the second sentence written is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have ( and there is a verb, appeared, letter in the sentence ).

The following example shows how a past participle can be confused with the verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.

Example 1 :
The packages …………….. mailed at the post office will arrive Monday.
(a) have
(b) were
(c) them
(d) just

In this example, if you look only at the first few words of the sentence, it appears that packages is the subject and mailed is either a complete verb or a past participle that needs a helping verb. But if you look further in the sentence, you will see that the verb is will arrive. You will then recognize that mailed is a participal adjective and is therefore not part of the verb. Answer (A), and (B) are incorrect because mailed is an adjective and does not need a helping verb such as have or were. Answer (C) is incorrect because there is no need for the object them. Answer (D) is the best answer to this question.

PAST PARTICIPLES

A past participle often ends in –ed, but there are also many irregular past participles. For many verbs, including –ed verbs, the simple past and the past participle are the same can be easily confused. The –ed form of the verb can be (I) the simple past, (2) the past participle of a verb, or (3) an adjective.

1. She painted this picture
2. She has painted this picture
3. The picture painted by Karen is now in a museum

TOEFL EXERCISE Skill 5 : Each of the following sentences contains one or more past participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the past participles and label them as adjectives or verbs. There indicate if the sentences are correct ( C ) or Incorrect ( I ).

1. ------------ The money was offered by the client was not accepted.
2. ------------ The car listed in the advertisement had already stalled.
3. ------------ The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will be on next week’s exam.
4. ------------ The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven at a low temperature for many hours.
5. ------------ The ports were reached by the sailors were under the control of a foreign nation.
6. ------------ Those suspected in the string of robberies were arrested by the police.
7. ------------ The pizza is served in this restaurant is the tastiest in the country.
8. ------------ The courses are listed on the second page of the brochure have several prerequisites.
9. ------------ All the tenants were invited to the Independence Day barbecue at the apartement complex.
10. ------------ Any bills paid by the first of the month will be credited to your account by the next day.


Answer Exercise Skill 5 :
1. Incorrect
2. Correct
3. Incorrect
4. Correct
5. Incorrect
6. Correct
7. Incorrect
8. Incorrect
9. Correct
10. Correct

Refrensi : " Longman Preparation Course For The TOEFL TEST - THE PAPER TEST-, PHILIPPS"

Nama : Claudia Paskah RS

Kelas : 3 EB 01

NPM  : 21209225

TUGAS : BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2